THE PRACTICE OF NANO ENTREPRENEURSHIP, THE ISSUES, PROSPECTS AND THE POSITION OF THE LAW; NIGERIA AS A CASE STUDY: A PAPER PRESENTATION BY PROF. ABIODUN AMUDA-KANNIKE, SAN, FCIAP, FCE, FCIArb, DEAN, FACULTY OF LAW, KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE VIA ILORIN, KWARA STATE AT THE 5TH ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SECURITY CONFERENCE/INDUCTION/GRADUATION/AWARD CONFERMENT CEREMONY HELD AT THE MULTI-PURPOSE HALL, CENTRE FOR ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT, COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, OGUN STATE OF NIGERIA ON SATURDAY, 31ST DAY OF JULY, 2021
Presenter’s E-mail: amudakannikeabiodun@gmail.com
Presenter’s Telephone Number: 08033256756
INTRODUCTION
The practice of Nano Entrepreneurship becomes important in the face of the economic reality of the entire world and most especially, the Nigeria nation. There are a lot of persons involved in Nano entrepreneurship who do not understand what it means, the problems associated with it and the position of law with regards to it.
The whole essence of Entrepreneurship in the first instance, notwithstanding being a relative concept is the introduction of new economic activities which will give rise to a new change in the market place or marketing environment. It connotes bringing in new innovations. It also involves the ability to create products or services within a business environment, which will have to do with inherent financial risks usually associated with success or failure of an enterprise.
Having got ourselves introduced to the issue of this discuss, it will serve the right purpose to look at the following terms which will assist us to understand the purpose of this work;
i. Nano Entrepreneurship
ii. Issues
iii. Prospects
iv. Law
Once we are able to link the above terms together, it will give us the opportunity to appreciate better the whole essence of the topic.
NANO ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Nano Entrepreneur means, the Mass Entrepreneurs, or nano entrepreneurs, or those who start small businesses and hire three to five people. It also talks about the challenges faced by organizations who work with such entrepreneurs, the many non-profits and programme implementation agencies.
Nano Entrepreneurship can be seen in the area of Longrich and other health marketing outfit like Longrich International and other outfits. This area of business can be commenced even with less than N3,000. This can also grow the economy and bring economic development and transformation to most countries especially Nigeria.
Nano business can also be seen as a business made up of 1-3 people with less than $1,000 dollars initial capital, with the idea of targeting cash on cash returns and does not as a matter of fact get involved necessarily on “long-term capital growth”.
The morpheme “nano” is commonly seen as a prefix for “billionth part of…” This can be look at when describing it as nanometer which connotes “billionth part of a meter”. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the linguistic idea of “nano” orginates from the classical Latin “nanus” or its ancient Greek etonym “nanos” meaning “dwarf”. There are so many ways to refer to things as “nano”. Among several of these are; nano foods, nano factory, nano fabrication, nano manufacturing, nano fiber, nano structure, nano weapons, nano camera, nano business, nanogram, nano medicine, nano scale, nano coating, nano robot, nano sized, nano technology-based, nano liter, nano surgery.
Nano-Prenenur accordingly means a very small item or business which is usually owned by families, small scale, homelike, informal atmosphere, unsophisticated technology or inventory.
Micro-Preneur on the other hand is bigger than nano-preneur, however, it is a situation, which may not have 5 employees but may hardly make up to $100,000 dollars in revenue.
The nano businesses someone can get involved in, ought to be understood and they are more and not limited to the followings alone;
i. Intelligent toys manufacturing business.
ii. Nanoscale waterfilters production business.
iii. Comercial manufacturing business.
iv. Crops nanosensors production business.
v. Enhanced man-made polymer products.
vi. Improved fuels creation business
vii. Nanarobots production.
viii. Nanotechnology drug delivery system business.
iv. Farm sensor’s creation business
ISSUES
Formally, issues means, to have problems that makes one unhappy and difficult to deal with. It also means a situation of having reasons for disliking someone or something.
Issues is also seen as an important topic or problem for debate or discussion. It is also seen as problems or difficulties associated with services or facilities. It also connote the result of outcome of something.
PROSPECT
Prospect is in the category of outlook or anticipation because it is like a forecast of something to happen. Prospect also connote expectation of a particular event, condition or development of definite interest or concern.
Furthermore, prospect is a probability or chance for future success, it is vision of the future, what is foreseen as expectation.
LAW
Law is a relative concept, because it has no universally acceptable definition, neither are the philosophers, jurists, scholars and academicians at consensus-ad-idem with respect to what the definition of law should be. This does not mean that law cannot be defined however. Accordingly, Law can be defined as the system or rules of a particular country, community of countries or community, which has the character of “recognition” by members and recognizing same as regulating their actions/activities vis-à-vis the enforcement of the same for redress, remedies, claims and liabilities either in civil or criminal activities in order to have peaceful co-existence.
For example, Salmond defines Law as the body of Principles recognized and applied by the state in the administration of justice. There were criticisms on this definition to show you its a relative concept.
John Chipman Gray defines Law as the Law of a state or any organized body of men which is composed of rules which the courts, that is judicial organ of the body lays down for determination of legal rights and duties. This has also been criticized.
John Austin (1790-1859), an English Jurists, expounded the concept of analytical positivism, making law as a command of sovereign backed by sanction.
He developed equally, a logical structure of legal system in which he gave no place, values, morality, idealism and justice. Austin further saw law in the strict sense as a general command of sovereign individual or sovereign body, issued to those in subjectivity and enforced by the physical power of the state. Law is the aggregate of the rules set by men politically superior or sovereign to men as political subject. A law is a command which obliges a person or persons to a course of conduct. This Austin definition was also criticized to show the relative concept of law.
According to H.I.A Hart, Law is a combination of primary rules of obligations and secondary rules of recognition. On his own part, Savigny says that law is not the product of direct legislation but is due to the silent growth of custom or the outcome of uninformed public or professional opinion. He says that law not as a body of rules set by determinant authority but as rules consists partly of social habitat and partly of experience. The above definitions including those of Ihering’s Roscoe Pound, Dias, Holmes among others have been subjected to criticisms. That is the essence of referring to law as a relative concept.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The Ideal Situation is that, to a large extent, laws ought to have heavy influence on Nano Entrepreneurship in order to drive economic transformation especially in Nigeria.
The Current Situation is that laws have not done much to influence Nano Entrepreneurship in order to drive economic development especially in Nigeria.
The effect of the Problem: With respect to Nano entrepreneurship, the development and encouragement is very low and it will continue to affect the economic transformation of most countries especially Nigeria. This will develop poverty, cultism, kidnapping, community upheaval, clamour for succession including various vices as only good laws are easy to enforce in the world today while inhuman laws are eventually resisted by the people even at the point of death.
The reason for the work: is to make sure that Nano Entrepreneur and the law is recognized and encouraged by law and not only Entrepreneurship and the law, nor Nanotechnology and the law alone are recognized, especially in Nigeria and other African countries where even Nano technology and the law is not even recognized at all.
The gap in the Knowledge: of Nano Entrepreneurship and the law in the World all over especially in Africa and most especially Nigeria is that although Nano technology law and Business is known in the western nation, there is a huge gap in recognition of Nano business and the Law. It is worst in Africa as little or no attention at all is given to Nano technology law and business and Nano Entrepreneurship and the law. There are no books nor journals on Nano Entrepreneurship. There exist only handbook on Nano technology law and business, there exist journals too. There are lots of books on entrepreneurship, business law but they were not devoted to Nano Entrepreneurship and the law. The knowledge of Nano Entrepreneurship and the law is almost not in existence. Conferences, seminars and workshops on Nano Entrepreneurship hardly happen and it is almost nonexistent for Nano Entrepreneurship and the law. What a wide gap on such important area of economic survival of most Nations especially Africa and most especially, Nigeria?
NEED TO POSTULATE THE THIRD (3RD) PROF. A. AMUDA-KANNIKE SAN, THEORY ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE LAW, AND TO BE CALLED PROF. A. AMUDA-KANNIKE SAN, THEORY ON NANO ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE LAW
Because of the gap in the knowledge of Nano Entrepreneurship and the Law, there is the need to contribute to the development of this special area of Entrepreneurship in order to encourage economic growth, economic development, discouragement of poverty and social vices through the instrumentality of the law.
To fill in the gap on entrepreneurship and the law and to contribute to knowledge, I postulated the 1st Prof. Abiodun Amuda-Kannike, SAN theory on law relating to Entrepreneurship on Saturday, 5th October, 2019.
To fill in the gap on Entrepreneurship and the law, I postulated again 2nd Prof. Abiodun Amuda-Kannike, SAN theory on Law and Entrepreneurship on Saturday, 30th day of November, 2019.
Now to fill in the gap on this special area of entrepreneurship called “Nano Entrepreneurship” as it relate to law, there is now the need to postulate a 3rd theory on entrepreneurship and the law, but specifically for “Nano Entrepreneurship” which has been seen for long as not important by most businessmen, the government and the populace who do not in majorly understand what it is all about. This theory in this regard shall be known and called “Prof. Amuda-Kannike, SAN theory on Nano Entrepreneurship and the Law”. This will not only fill in the gap but create much awareness in this special area of entrepreneurship and the law.
In conclusion on the statement of the problem in this work, it is hereby stated that because of the problems highlighted above, and the need to proffer solutions to them, this work has to be embarked, as same will be a bench-mark to Nano Entrepreneurship and the law, it will be the pillars upon which economic development and business survival shall be sustained.
NANO ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE LAW
Since, we are now aware of what Nano Entrepreneurship entails, we shall look at issues and prospects of Nano Entrepreneurship by analyzing the law relating to it. This means we shall examine the followings in order to do justice to this work;
i. Nano technology Law and Business
ii. Little business and the Law
iii. Nano business and registration of business
iv. Nano businesses and taxation
v. Nano business and land Law
vi. Nano business and co-operative societies
vii. Nano business, access to funds and law of banking
viii. Nano business and enforcement of fundamental rights.
NANO TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW
Nano technology strictly speaking cannot be described in the context in which we described Nano Entrepreneurship but since it exist in that name, we have the obligation to talk about it and in the context to which the law relate to it such as on the issue of registration in line with the law, the issue of patents, designs, copyrights and all other laws associated with it. Nano particulars with their small sizes and controllable surface properties are attractive for modern day technology.
The use of Nano technology is considered to have started in modern time with the ground breaking lecture of Noble Laureate Richard Feynman title “There’s plenty of Room at the Bottom” delivered at meeting of American Physical Society at California Institute of Technology in 1959. There are lots of inventions and there are laws associated with it such as, European Commission second Regulatory Review on Nano Materials, European Commission Definition of Nano Materials, European Parliament Report on Nano Materials in Consumer Products, etc. Also there exist World Intellectual Property Organization page on Nanotechnology: Patenting Nanotechnology, there is UNITAR guidance for Developing National Nanotechnology Policy and Programme.
In order to protect Nanotechnology, the followings can be seen along this direction;
i. Nanotechnology and trade union
ii. Good laboratory practice guide
iii. Practice guides on Nano technology
iv. United Nations through its organs such as Food and Agricultural Organization, WHO, UNEP.
Prof. Babajide, stated that Nigeria, Thailand, the Philipines, South Africa, Brazil and Chile have some form of government support and National Funding Programme while Mexico and Argentine had some form of organized nanotechnology activity but no specific government funding yet.
While I agree with Prof. Babajide with respect to all other issues he addressed about other countries, I disagreed with him with respect to his reference to Nigeria, as he could not point out one specific area of the said mentioning of Nanotechnology in Nigerian documents, not to talk about government support and national funding. Certainly with all due respect, there is none. No wonder, Prof. Babajide concluded;
“For us in the developing World, nano technology is still mostly a science of the future.”
Even, it was only said that Nigeria was set to domesticate nanotechnology to enhance the socio-economic development of the country. The question is; where is it since 2020 when the Minister said this and if it is not in existence, how can you get the laws to regulate? Thousands of industries are in Nigeria whose activities touches on Nanotechnology. Nigeria need to immediately put into action both the laws, policies and strategies on Nanotechnologies if it will avoid being called “a nation of deceit”.
LITTLE BUSINESS AND THE LAW
There are little businesses in Nigeria which includes hawking of ground-nuts, pure-water, sweets, fruits, and other nano businesses which are not upto the level of good businesses. Basically there exist no law to encourage this type of businesses which in most instances are being run by the masses or those who are in extreme position of poverty. This actually is affecting the economic growth of Nigeria.
What the government has tried to do so far cannot be said to be the encouragement of nano businesses at all because ultimately those who benefits from it are not Nano Entrepreneurs but micro small medium enterprises (MSMES).
Even those who enjoys the little support of the government from MSME are complaining that it is not significant in value not to talk of Nano Entrepreneurs who are not recognized under the law.
In the categories of Nano Entrepreneurs are artists, event planners, battery charges, independent dispatch riders, vendors, call center agents, fashion designers, vulcanizers, drycleaners, corner-shop owners, single retail marketers, repairers, painters, market women.
Most of the states in the federation has no specific law on Nano Entrepreneurship to assist in this area of business. The Federal Government do not even appreciate what Nano Entrepreneuship is all about. There is the need for both the States Houses of Assembly and The National Assembly to bring up a law to encourage Nano Entrepreneurship because they are attached to the survival of the masses, otherwise, the issue of cultism, social disorder, crisis and other security challenges shall continue to increase in the world, in Africa and especially Nigeria.
NANO ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND REGISTRATION OF BUSINESS
Before now, the registration of businesses by mostly one man business outfit especially in Nigeria is very difficult, as it entails a lot of money, to register, a lot of legal procedures and time consuming.
However, there exist the Federal Government opportunity for free registration with the Corporate Affairs Commission and the opportunity of e-registration. This is a good opportunity for Nano Entrepreneurs to utilize.
However, the fear of most Nano Entrepreneurs in this opportunity is that they may be subjected to unnecessary compulsory tax payments which will further increase their level of poverty.
NANO ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND TAXATION
Taxation has been defined as the process whereby charges are imposed on individuals or property by the legislative branch of the federal government and many state governments to raise funds for public purposes. The state and federal governments both have the power to impose taxes upon their citizens.
Tax is a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a tax payer fund, in order to fund government spending and various public expenditures. A failure to pay, along with evasion of or resistance to taxation is punishable by law. Taxation is therefore, the act of imposing taxes and the fact of being taxed whereas tax means the money being paid to the government other than for transaction.
The truth about it is that the government should completely for now stop taxing Nano Entrepreneurs, because, the income from this businesses are always very little, yet tax officers at the markets and on the road continue to tax the Nano Entrepreneurs keeping them in more terrible abject poverty.
When this taxes are made to be paid, the people are not happy, social vices increase, insecurity increase and the government will still bring tax payers money to be curbing social vices and insecurity. Can it be said that the government is wiser in this regard? Certainly the answer is “No”.
NANO ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND LAND LAW
Land Law is the form of law that deals with the rights to use, alienate or exclude others from land. In many jurisdictions, these kind of property are referred to as real estate or real property different from personal property. Land law as the name suggests is the set of rules that govern the land and anything attached to it, such as trees or buildings, or anything in it.
The truth about it is that Nano Entrepreneurs can hardly get any land allocated to them as individuals or collectively. They do not even have much money to buy land neither do they have opportunity to be given land by government in form of encouragement. The little shops they rented or use as tenant-at-will are always adding more burden to this form of business.
There ought to be legislation which can be utilize in favour of Nano Entrepreneurs to have access to land and place of business. This will trigger economic recovery for the World, Africa and most especially, Nigeria.
NANO BUSINESS AND ACCESS TO FUNDS/LAW OF BANKING
The possibility of Nano Entrepreneur access to funds and law of banking in their favour is a dream not a reality. None of the banks are always ready to give Nano Entrepreneurs funds to do businesses. The “Trader-money scheme” by the Federal Government of Nigeria failed to take into consideration the Nano Entrepreneurs who even need it more. There ought to have been legal backing for the scheme which ought to mention that Nano Entrepreneurs are the main target. This would have been a very good opportunity for Nigeria to speed up economic growth.
The banks play important role in the creation of new capital (or capital formation) in a country and accordingly help the growth of the economy. In Nigeria, there are well above two dozens legislations regulating the operation of banks and other Financial Institutions including issues relating to loans, guarantees, currency matters, and development financing but none of these mentioned anything about Nano Entrepreneurship and access to funds.
NANO BUSINESS AND ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS/LITIGATION
It is very common to see the fundamental rights of most people in the World, in Africa and especially Nigerian being breached most often under the guise of modernizing the towns, beautifying the cities and clearing the roads from hawkers. The question is; What alternative opportunities are provided for Nano Entrepreneurs before trying or before carrying out the above acts? Certainly, the answer is that there exist no alternative.
For Nano Entrepreneurs, the followings in relation to their rights often occurs;
i. arrest for hawking goods on the road without trial for a very long time.
ii. seizure of goods/properties
iii. attack and incessant beatings by the law enforcement agencies generally causing harm or grievous harms most often.
The fundamental human rights contained in the constitution of Nigeria are;
i. the right to Life
ii. the right to Dignity of Human Person
iii. the right to Personal Liberty
iv. the right to Fair hearing
v. the right to Private and family Life
vi. the right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and religion
vii. the right to Freedom of expression and press
viii. the right to Peaceful Assembly and Association
ix. the right to Freedom from Discrimination
x. the right to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria
In the case of RANSOME KUTI VS A.G FEDERATION Hon Justice Kayode Eso, JSC, of blessed memory stated “It is the right which stands above the ordinary laws of the land and which in fact is antecedent to the political society itself. It is a primary condition to a civilized existence”.
Furthermore, in UDO VS ROBSON & ORS the court stated that in an application for the enforcement of fundamental rights, the applicant may include the followings;
i. Anyone acting in his own interest
ii. Anyone acting on behalf of another person
iii. Anyone acting as a member of, or in the interest of a group or class of persons.
iv. Anyone acting in the public interest and
v. Association acting in the interest of its members or other individuals or group.
In the cases of; KELVIN PETERSIDE VS IMO, ONYEKWULUYE VS BENUE STATE GOVT, CONCORD PRESS NIGERIA LTD VS A.G FEDN & ORS the various courts stated that, corporate entitles have the right to sue and be sued in their corporate name which includes fundamental right action.
Also in the case of OKAFOR & ANOR VS A.I.G POLICE ZONE II, ONIKAN & ORS the court held that the resort to the police by parties for recovery of debts, outstanding under contractual relationship has been repeatedly deprecated by the courts. The court has a duty to protect the fundamental rights of citizens and must not permit any violation for whatever reason unless as stipulated by law.
PROFESSOR AMUDA-KANNIKE, SAN THEORY ON NANO ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE LAW
THE THIRD THEORY IN SERIES
The important thing to do here is first to know what “theory” is all about, formulate the theory in relation to the topic of this work and test its usage in line with our definition of theory.
THEORY DEFINED
Theory can be described as a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something especially the one that is based on the general principles, independent of the thing to be explained.
Furthermore, a theory is also seen as contemplative and rational types of abstract or generalized thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking. The process of contemplative and rationale thinking, often is associated with such processes like observational study and research.
Flowing from the above definition and in accordance with this work and argument proffered, we contend that this theory becomes important and a serious contribution to the knowledge of Entrepreneurship, most especially the special aspect of entrepreneurship called “Nano Entrepreneurship”. The variables and rationale for this are as follows;
i. Tell the government and the public to give high level of encouragement to “Nano Entrepreneurship”, in 6 months, check the level of the country economic transformation, development and security.
ii. Tell the government and the public to amend or give special reference and support to Nano Entrepreneurship in both the legislations in the State House of Assembly and National Assembly and in 6 months time, check the level of the country economic transformation, development and security.
iii. Tell the government to amend the constitution, make it compulsory that high percentage of the budget be allocated for “Nano Entrepreneurship development” which appropriation bill will eventually become appropriation law or Act, then after 6 months check the level of the country economic transformation, development and security.
EXPECTED RESULTS
i. For the variables in the first poser, it will be a positive result.
ii. For the variables in the second poser, it will be a positive result.
iii. For the variables also in the third poser, it will be a positive result.
Now, let us take it the other way, we urge the government and members of the public to test this theory and see if it will work or not. The other way round;
i. After 6 months of the result in (i) tell the government and the public “not to give high level of encouragement” to Nano Entrepreneurship, then check the result of the country economic transformation, development and security.
ii. After 6 months of the result in (ii) tell the government to cancel all the laws which recognized “Nano Entrepreneurship” both at the State and National level, then check the result of the economic transformation, development and security.
iii. After 6 months of the result in (iii) tell the government to amend the constitution again and delete from the constitution, the recognition given to Nano Entrepreneurship, then check the result of the country, economic transformation, development and security.
EXPECTED RESULTS
i. For the variables in poser one, it will be negative result.
ii. For the variables in poser two, it will be a negative result.
iii. And for the variables in poser three, it will be negative result equally.
NOTE PLEASE
The higher the co-efficient value of development and recognition of Nano Entrepreneurship and suitable laws to develop Nano Entrepreneurship, then the higher is the level of economic development and security in the World, Africa and most especially, in Nigeria.
However, where there exist a lower co-efficient value of development or no value at all as it is now, in the World, Africa and most especially in Nigeria in relation to Nano Entrepreneurship, the lower the value of Nano Entrepreneurship, low level of economic development and insecurity will be the order of the day in the World, Africa and most especially in Nigeria.
NED x EG
GP CM
NED = Nano Entrepreneurship Development
GP = Government Policies
EC = Economic Growth
C = Country
M = Month
SUMMARY
We have been able to define those important key terms for the appreciation of the topic which are;
i. Nano Entrepreneurship
ii. Issues
iii. Prospects
iv. Law
We are able to now look at what Nano technology and the law entails, nano entrepreneurship and the position of law as it concerns Nano Entrepreneurship. We pointed out from our analysis how Nano Entrepreneurship has suffered when the laws which were expected to protect it failed it completely and the areas where such failures occurred.
This led us in this regard to postulate the third theory on Entrepreneurship and the law but this time around it is on Nano Entrepreneurship and the law. Once this theory is utilized by the government, it will ushered in economic development, economic transformation and curb insecurity.
We were able to do a summary of this work here, we made recommendations and concluded the work.
RECOMMENDATIONS
- It is hereby recommended that the government should immediately utilize the theory propounded in this work in order to improve the Nano Entrepreneurship which will usher in great economic development, economic transformation and eradicate security challenges vis-à-vis social vices.
- It is hereby recommended that the Federal Government of Nigeria should as a matter of urgent necessity embrace Nano technology by immediately setting up laws on Nanotechnology, policies on Nanotechnology and constitute National Committee on Nanotechnology in order to have economic development, economic transformation, better security and peaceful nation.
- It is recommended that Nano businesses especially Nano Entrepreneurship should be adequately given its pride of place by making adequate legislations both by the State and Federal Government in order to encourage and recognize Nano Entrepreneurship.
- It is recommended that the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria should be amended especially on appropriation bill to be submitted to both the State and National Assemblies with huge sums of money yearly to be budgeted for Nano Entrepreneurship instead of causing insecurity and budgeting higher to curb security challenges.
- It is recommended that the various tax laws should be reviewed in favour of Nano Entrepreneurship.
- It is also recommended that there should be production of books, journals and magazines on Nano Entrepreneurship and the law.
- There should be seminars, conferences and workshops on Nano Entrepreneurship and the law.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that since the essence of this conference/ seminar has to do with “Nano Entrepreneurship, initiatives and innovations, prospects for revamp and sustainable growth of Nigeria economy” and because this paper is among other papers for this occasion, we have redesigned this topic to fall in line with the law by tagging it as “The Practice of Nano Entrepreneurship, the Issues, Prospects and the Position of the Law; Nigeria as a case study”.
From the discussion, it can be said with all due respect, that an effective development of Nano Entrepreneurship through the Law will bring in recognition for this aspect of Entrepreneurship which is very special, it will propel economic transformation, economic development, good security and peaceful atmosphere for the World, Africa and Nigeria especially.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS/JOURNALS/PAPER PRESENTATIONS
- G.Booij: compounding and construction morphology. R. Lieber, P. Stekaner (Eds). The Oxford University Press, Oxford (2009) Pp 201-216.
- Sutton, V.; (2011) Nanotechnology Law and Policy Carolina Press
- Brazell, I.; (2012) Nanotechnology, Law Best Practices, Kluver Law International
- Stokes, E.; (2009) Regulating Nanotechnologies sizing up the options copyright 1999-2021 John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Prof. A. Amuda-Kannike, SAN; the effect of rule of law, security and national peace on entrepreneurship development and economic transformation in Nigeria; a paper presented at Covenant University on 30/11/2019
B. CASE LAWS - RANSOME KUTI VS A.G FEDN, (1985)2 NWLR (Part 6) page 211
- UDO VS ROBSON & ORS (2018) LPELR 45183
- KELVIN PETERSIDE VS IMO (1993)2 NWLR (Part 278) page 710
- ONYEKWULUYE VS BENUE STATE GOVT (2008)8 NWLR (part 28) page 614
- CONCORD PRESS NIGERIA LTD VS A.G FEDN & ORD (1994) FHCLR page 144
- OKAFOR & ANR VS A.I.G POLICE ZONE II, ONIKAN & ORS, (2019) LPELR – 46505
C. STATUTES - Section 33 of the 1999 constitution
- Section 34 of the 1999 constitution
- Section 35 of the 1999 constitution
- Section 36 of the 1999 constitution
- Section 37 of the 1999 constitution
- Section 38 of the 1999 constitution
- Section 39 of the 1999 constitution
- Section 40 of the 1999 constitution
- Section 41 of the 1999 constitution
- Section 42 of the 1999 constitution
D. INTERNET MATERIALS - Nano technology law and business: https://www.researchgate.net; Accessed on 18/7/2021 through the internet at 1:05am
- Definition of entrepreneur; See U.S Census Bureau; https://www.census.gov/eped/www/smallu.s.html.vihc.inevitable; Accessed through the internet on 8/7/2021 at 2:45am.
- Nano meaning: See https://www.businesstoday.in; Accessed through the internet on 16/7/2021 at 1am
- https://www.fun-n-profit.com; Accessed through the internet on 16/7/2021 at 1:15am
- Differences; https://sowedidathingpodcast.com; Accessed through the internet on 16/7/2021 at 2am
- https://www.starterstory.com; Accessed through internet on 16/7/2021 at 3am
- Issue; see: https://merriam-webster.com; Accessed through the internet on 19/7/2021 at 1:15am
- https://dictionary.cambridge.org; Accessed through the internet on 19/7/2021 at 1:47am
- Prospect; see: https://www.merriam-webster.com; Accessed through the internet on 19/7/2021 at 1:50am
- Law; see: https://www.merriam-webster.com; Accessed through the internet on 22/7/2021 at 1am
- Law; see: https://www.academia.edu; Accessed through the internet on 22/7/2021 at 1:10am
- Law: see; https://law.ouk.edu.in; Accessed through the internet on 22/7/2021 at 2:!5am
- A problem statement or statement of a problem is a concise description of an issue to be addressed or a condition to be improved upon. It identifies the gap between the current state and desired state of a process or product, focusing on the facts, the problem statement should be designed to address. See: Problem statement; https://www.indeed.com; Accessed through the internet of 22/7/2021 at 2:30am
- Prof. Babajide Alo, Ph.D; Nanotechnology in a Developing Country – Applications and challenges; See: https://www.who.int>forum6; Accessed through the internet on 26/7/2021 at 7pm
- Ogbonaya Onu; Advancing nanotechnology in Nigeria said on 13/8/2020; See: m.guardian.ng; Accessed through the internet on 26/7/2021 at 8pm
- Taxation: see; https://legaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com; Accessed through the internet on Sunday the 25/7/2021 at 7am.
- Tax; https://hahuzone.com; Accessed through the internet on Sunday, 25/7/2021 at 7:15pm
- Land Law: See; https://www.allaboutlaw.co.uk; Accessed through the internet on 25/7/2021 at 9pm
- Mathew Enzya Nwocha; https://www.scrip.org; Accessed through the internet on 25/7/2021 at 11:15pm
- Meaning of theory; https://www.collinsdictionary.com; Accessed through the internet on 26/7/2021 at 2am